He was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer scienceproviding a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machinewhich can be considered a model of a general purpose computer. For a time he led Hut 8the section which was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here he devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphersincluding improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.

Turing played a pivotal role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlanticand in so doing helped win the war.

After the war, he worked at the National Physical Laboratorywhere he designed the ACEamong the first designs for a stored-program computer. In Turing joined Max Newman 's Computing Machine Laboratory at the Victoria University of Manchesterwhere he helped develop the Manchester computers [10] and became interested in mathematical biology.

He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesisand predicted oscillating chemical reactions such as the Belousov—Zhabotinsky reactionfirst observed in the s.

Turing was prosecuted in for homosexual acts, when by the Labouchere Amendment"gross indecency" was still criminal in the UK. He accepted chemical castration treatment, with DESas an alternative to prison. Turing died in16 days before his 42nd birthday, from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.

Turing was born in Maida ValeLondon, while his father, Julius Mathison Turing —was on leave from his position with the Indian Civil Service ICS at ChhatrapurBihar and Orissa Province, in British India. John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants that had been based in the Netherlands and included a baronet. The Stoneys were a Protestant Anglo-Irish gentry family from both County Tipperary and County Longfordwhile Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in County Clare.

Julius' work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the Bengal Army. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to Maida Vale[19] London, where Alan Turing was born on 23 Juneas recorded by a blue plaque on the outside of the house of his birth, [20] [21] later the Colonnade Hotel.

Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years Turing's parents travelled between Hastings in England [23] and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired Army couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, St Leonards-on-Seanow marked with a blue plaque.

Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently. The location is also marked with a blue plaque. Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a day school at 20 Charles Road, St Leonards-on-Seaat the age of six.

The headmistress recognised his talent early on, as did many of his subsequent teachers. Between January andTuring was educated at Hazelhurst Preparatory School, an independent school in the village of Frant in Sussex now East Sussex. Turing's natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics.

His headmaster wrote to his parents: If he is to stay at public school, he must aim at becoming educated. If he is to be solely a Scientific Specialisthe is wasting his time at a public school". Inaged 16, Turing encountered Albert Einstein 's work; not only did he grasp it, but it is possible that he managed to deduce Einstein's questioning of Newton's laws of motion from a text in which this was never made explicit.

At Sherborne, Turing formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Morcom, who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in Februaryfrom complications of bovine tuberculosiscontracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.

The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with Morcom. In a letter to Morcom's mother Turing said:. I am sure I could not have found anywhere another companion so brilliant and yet so charming and unconceited.

I regarded my interest in my work, and in such things as astronomy to which he introduced me as something to be shared with him and I think he felt a little the same about me I know I must put as much energy if not as much interest into my work as if he were alive, because that is what he would like me to do.

Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's atheism and materialism. In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing said:. Personally, I believe that spirit is really eternally connected with matter but certainly not by the same kind of body When the body is asleep I cannot guess what happens but when the body dies, the 'mechanism' of the body, holding the spirit is gone and the spirit finds a new body sooner or later, perhaps immediately.

After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from to at King's College, Cambridgewhere he gained first-class honours in mathematics. Inat the age of 22, he was elected a fellow of King's on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the central limit theorem. InTuring published his paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" The Entscheidungsproblem decision problem was originally posed by German mathematician David Hilbert in Turing proved that his "universal computing machine" would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an algorithm.

He went on to prove that there was no solution to the decision problem by first showing that the halting problem for Turing machines is undecidable: It is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a Turing machine will ever halt. Although Turing's proof was published shortly after Alonzo Church 's equivalent proof [39] using his lambda calculusTuring's approach is considerably more accessible and intuitive than Church's. According to the Church—Turing thesisTuring machines and the lambda calculus are capable of computing anything that is computable.

John von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to Turing's paper. From September to JulyTuring spent most of his time studying under Church at Princeton University.

In addition to his purely mathematical work, he studied cryptology and also built three of four stages of an electro-mechanical binary multiplier. John von Neumann wanted to hire him as his postdoctoral assistant, but he went back to England. When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in by Ludwig Wittgenstein about the foundations of mathematics. During the Second World War, Turing was a leading participant in the breaking of German ciphers at Bletchley Park.

The historian and wartime codebreaker Asa Briggs has said, "You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing's was that genius. Turing's approach was more general, using crib-based decryption for which he produced the functional specification of the bombe an improvement of the Polish Bomba.

By using statistical techniques to optimise the trial of different possibilities in the code breaking process, Turing made an innovative contribution to the subject. A GCHQ mathematician, "who identified himself only as Richard," said at the time that the fact that the contents had been restricted for some 70 years demonstrated their importance, and their relevance to post-war cryptanalysis: The papers detailed using "mathematical analysis to try and determine which are the more likely settings so that they can be tried as quickly as possible.

Richard said that GCHQ had now "squeezed the juice" out of the two papers and was "happy for them to be released into the public domain". Turing had something of a reputation for eccentricity at Bletchley Park.

He was known to his colleagues as 'Prof' and his treatise on Enigma was known as 'The Prof's Book'. In the first week of June each year he would get a bad attack of hay fever, and he would cycle to the office wearing a service gas mask to keep the pollen off.

His bicycle had a fault: Instead of having it mended he would count the number of times the pedals went round and would get off the bicycle in time to adjust the chain by hand. Another of his eccentricities is that he chained his mug to the radiator pipes to prevent it being stolen. His tryout time for the marathon was only 11 minutes slower than British silver medallist Thomas Richards' Olympic race time of 2 hours 35 minutes.

He was Walton Athletic Club's best runner, a fact discovered when he passed the group while running alone. InTuring was awarded the OBE by King George VI for his wartime services, but his work remained secret for many years. Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park, [54] Turing had specified an electromechanical machine that could help break Enigma more effectively than the Polish bomba kryptologicznafrom which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician Gordon Welchmanbecame one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages.

Turing's most important contribution, I thinkwas of part of the design of the bombe, the cryptanalytic machine. He had the idea that you could use, in effect, a theorem in logic which sounds, to the untrained ear, rather absurd; namely that, from a contradiction, you can deduce everything.

The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an Enigma message i. For each possible setting of the rotors which had on the order of 10 19 states, or 10 22 states for the four-rotor U-boat variant[69] the bombe performed a chain of logical deductions based on the crib, implemented electromechanically.

The bombe detected when a contradiction had occurred and ruled out that setting, moving on to the next. Most of the possible settings would cause contradictions and be discarded, leaving only a few to be investigated in detail. A contradiction would occur when an enciphered letter would be turned back into the same plaintext letter—this simply wasn't possible with the Enigma.

The first bombe was installed on 18 March By lateTuring and his fellow cryptanalysts Gordon Welchman, Hugh Alexanderand Stuart Milner-Barry were frustrated. Building on the work of the Polesthey had set up a good working system for decrypting Enigma signals, but they only had a few people and a few bombes, so they did not have time to translate all the signals. In the summer, they had had considerable success, and shipping losses had fallen to undertons a month, but they were still on a knife-edge.

They badly needed more resources to keep abreast of German adjustments. They had tried to get more people and fund more bombes through the proper channels, but they were getting nowhere. Finally, breaking all the rules, on 28 October they wrote directly to Winston Churchill spelling out their difficulties, with Turing as the first named.

They emphasised how small their need was compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer to the forces. As Andrew Hodgesbiographer of Turing, later wrote, "This letter had an electric effect. Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done. Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of German naval Enigma "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".

That same night, he also conceived of the idea of Banburismusa sequential statistical technique what Abraham Wald later called sequential analysis to assist in breaking the naval Enigma, "though I was not sure that it would work in practice, and was not, in fact, sure until some days had actually broken. Banburismus could rule out certain sequences of the Enigma rotors, substantially reducing the time needed to test settings on the bombes.

InTuring proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague Joan Clarkea fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. Turing travelled to the United States in November [79] and worked with US Navy cryptanalysts on the naval Enigma and bombe construction in Washington; he also visited their Computing Machine Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio. The American Bombe programme was to produce Bombes, one for each wheel order. I used to smile inwardly at the conception of Bombe hut routine implied by this programme, but thought that no particular purpose would be served by pointing out that we would not really use them in that way.

Their test of commutators can hardly be considered conclusive as they were not testing for the bounce with electronic stop finding devices. Nobody seems to be told about rods or offiziers or banburismus unless they are really going to do something about it.

During this trip, he also assisted at Bell Labs with the development of secure speech devices. During his absence, Hugh Alexander had officially assumed the position of head of Hut 8, although Alexander had been de facto head for some time Turing having little interest in the day-to-day running of the section. Turing then became a general consultant for cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park. There should be no question in anyone's mind that Turing's work was the biggest factor in Hut 8's success.

In the early days, he was the only cryptographer who thought the problem worth tackling and not only was he primarily responsible for the main theoretical work within the Hut, but he also shared with Welchman and Keen the chief credit for the invention of the bombe. It is always difficult to say that anyone is 'absolutely indispensable', but if anyone was indispensable to Hut 8, it was Turing.

The pioneer's work always tends to be forgotten when experience and routine later make everything seem easy and many of us in Hut 8 felt that the magnitude of Turing's contribution was never fully realised by the outside world.

In JulyTuring devised a technique termed Turingery or jokingly Turingismus [83] for use against the Lorenz cipher fx rates saudi riyal produced by the Germans' new Geheimschreiber secret writer machine. This was a teleprinter rotor cipher attachment codenamed Tunny at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of wheel-breakingi. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher[86] [87] but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.

Following his mini gold futures contract specifications at Bell Labs in the US, [89] Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system, and in the latter part old school runescape money making guide the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service later HMGCC at Hanslope Park.

There he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable secure voice communications machine codenamed Delilah. Though the system worked fully, with Buy lyg stock demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a Winston Churchill speech, Delilah was not adopted for use.

Between andTuring lived in HamptonLondon, [92] while he mti forex download on the design of the ACE Automatic Computing Engine at the National Physical Laboratory NPL. He presented a paper on 19 Februarywhich was the first detailed design of a stored-program computer. WomersleySuperintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr.

In late he returned to Cambridge for a sabbatical year during which he produced a seminal work on Intelligent Machinery that was not published in his lifetime. It executed its first program on 10 Mayand a number of later top 10 forex signals provider around the world owe much to it, including the English Electric DEUCE and the American Bendix G The full version of Turing's ACE was not built until after his death.

The interrogation had the form of a colloquium. Participants were WomersleyTuring, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing for more details see Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz.

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In Turing was appointed Reader in the Mathematics Department at the Victoria University of Manchester. Inhe became Deputy Director of the Computing Machine Laboratory there, working on software for one of the earliest stored-program computers—the Manchester Mark 1.

During this time he continued to do more abstract work in mathematics, [98] and in " Computing Machinery and Intelligence " MindOctoberTuring addressed the problem of artificial intelligenceand proposed an experiment that became known as the Turing testan attempt to define a standard for a machine to be called "intelligent".

The idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being. In Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, D. Champernownebegan writing a chess program for a computer that did not yet exist. Bythe program was completed and dubbed the Turochamp. Instead, Turing played a game in which he simulated the computer, taking about half an hour per move.

The game was recorded. His Calculate profit options trading test was a significant, characteristically provocative and lasting contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence, which continues after more than half a century.

Inwhen Turing was 39 years old, he turned to mathematical biologyfinally publishing his masterpiece " Money exchange rates in pakistani rupees Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis " in January He was interested in morphogenesisthe development of patterns and shapes in biological organisms.

Among other things, he wanted exchange rates history rand to dollar understand Fibonacci phyllotaxisthe existence of Fibonacci numbers in plant structures. For example, if a catalyst A is required for a certain chemical reaction to take place, and if the reaction produced more of the catalyst A, then we say that the reaction is autocatalyticand there is positive feedback that can be modelled by nonlinear differential equations.

Turing discovered that patterns could be created if the chemical reaction not only produced catalyst A, but also produced an inhibitor B that slowed down the production of A. If A and B then diffused through the container at different rates, then you could have some regions where A dominated and some where B did. In order to calculate the extent of this, Turing would have needed a powerful computer, but these were not so freely available inso he had to use linear approximations in order to solve the equations by hand.

Fortunately these calculations gave the right qualitative results, and produced, for example, a uniform mixture that oddly enough had regularly spaced fixed red spots. The Russian biochemist Boris Belousov had performed experiments with similar results, but could not get his papers published because of the contemporary prejudice that any such thing violated the second law of thermodynamics.

For a modern view of living organisms and the second law see The Second Law of Thermodynamics Section 7. Unfortunately Belousov was not aware of Turing's paper in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Although published before the structure and role of Fxpro trading forex like a profitable was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today, and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology.

Turing was published in In January binary option breakthrough indicator, Turing, then 39, started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a year-old unemployed man. Turing had met Murray just before Christmas outside the Regal Cinema when walking down Manchester's Oxford Road and invited him to lunch.

On 23 January Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turing that the burglar was an acquaintance of his, and Turing reported the crime to the police.

During nse india forex investigation he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time, [] and both men were charged with gross indecency under Section 11 currency currency trading forex and futures markets by carley garner the Criminal Law Amendment Act Later, convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, Turing entered a plea of guilty.

Turing and Murray, was brought to trial on 31 March He accepted the option of treatment via injections of what was then called stilboestrol now known as diethylstilbestrol or DESa synthetic oestrogen ; this treatment was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered Turing impotent and fx trading currency pairs gynaecomastia[] fulfilling in the literal sense Turing's prediction that "no doubt I shall emerge from it all a different man, but quite who I've not found out".

He was denied entry into the United States after his conviction inbut was free to visit other European countries. Turing was never accused of espionage, but in common with all who had worked at Bletchley Park, he was prevented by the Official Secrets Act expected payoff put option discussing his war work.

System trading lab Turing is credited with designing the first computer chess program in Turing first worked on the algorithm in [] The program did not run on a computer; Turing "ran" the program by flipping through the pages of the algorithm and carrying out its instructions on a chessboard. According to Garry KasparovTuring's program "played a recognizable game of chess. On 8 JuneTuring's housekeeper found him dead.

He had died the previous day. A post-mortem examination established that the cause of death was cyanide poisoning. When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide, [] it was speculated that this was the means by which a fatal dose was consumed.

An inquest determined that he had committed suicide, and he was cremated at Woking Crematorium on 12 June Andrew Hodges and another biographer, David Leavitthave both suggested that Turing was re-enacting a scene from stock market returns 1930s Walt Disney film London sugar futures market White and the Seven Dwarfshis favourite fairy tale, both noting that in Leavitt's words he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where ky cattle market report Wicked Forex dashboard excel immerses her apple in the poisonous brew.

Philosophy professor Jack Copeland has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict. He suggests an alternative explanation for the cause of Turing's death, this being the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus for electroplating gold onto spoons, which uses potassium cyanide to dissolve the gold.

Turing had such an apparatus set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland notes that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate indian stock market penny stocks apple before bed, and it was not unusual for it to be discarded half-eaten.

A biography published by the Royal Society shortly after Turing's death, while his wartime work was still subject to the Official Secrets Actrecorded:.

Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work getty images buys stock.xchng might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. For his work at the Foreign Office he was awarded the OBE. Sincethe Turing Award has been given annually by the Association for Computing Machinery for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community.

It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honour, equivalent to the Nobel Prize. On 23 Juneon what would have been Turing's 86th birthday, his biographer, Andrew Hodgesunveiled an official English Heritage blue plaque at his birthplace and childhood home in Warrington Crescent, London, later the Colonnade Hotel. On 13 MarchSaint Vincent and the Grenadines issued a set of postage stamps to celebrate the greatest achievements of the 20th century, one of which carries a portrait of Turing against a background of repeated 0s and 1s, and is captioned: Alan Turing's theory of digital computing".

On 1 AprilTuring's work at Bletchley Park was named an IEEE Milestone. Mills was unveiled at the University of Surrey in Guildfordmarking the 50th anniversary of Turing's death; it portrays him carrying his books across the campus.

Turing was one forex trading chart patterns four mathematicians examined in the BBC documentary entitled Dangerous Knowledge Built from approximately half a million pieces of Welsh slateit was sculpted by Stephen Kettlehaving been commissioned by the American billionaire Sidney Frank.

Turing has been honoured in various ways in Manchesterthe city where he worked towards the end of his life. Ina stretch of the A road the Manchester city intermediate ring road was named "Alan Turing Way".

A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. A statue of Turing was unveiled in Manchester on 23 June in Sackville Parkbetween the University of Manchester building on Whitworth Street and Canal Street. The memorial statue depicts the "father of computer science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park.

Turing is shown holding an apple. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing —', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it could appear if encoded by an Enigma machine: A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a Bertrand Russell quotation: InTime magazine named Turing as one of the Most Important People of the 20th century and stated, "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.

InTuring was ranked twenty-first on the BBC's poll of the Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. The Lesbian stockbroker trainee jobs uk Gay History of the World, Vol.

Inin The Guardian ' s "My hero" series, writer Alan Garner chose Turing as stock brokerage firms nigeria hero and described how they had met while out jogging in the early s.

Alan Turing - Wikipedia

Garner remembered Turing as "funny and witty" and said that he "talked endlessly". The logo of Apple Inc. InTuring was inducted into the Legacy Walkan outdoor public display that celebrates LGBT history and people.

The francophone singer-songwriter Salvatore Adamo made a forex companies in france to Turing with his song "Alan et la Pomme".

On s&p day trading Mayrunescape herblore money calc world's first work of public art to recognise Alan Turing as gay was commissioned in Bletchley, indicateur macd forex by to Bletchley Park where his war-time work was carried out.

The commission was announced by the owners of Milton Keynes -based LGBT venue and nightclub Pink Punters to mark International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia. The work was unveiled at a ceremony on Turing's birthday, 23 Juneand is placed outside Pink Punter's alongside the busy Watling Street, the old main road to London, where Turing himself would have passed by on many occasions.

On 22 OctoberTuring was inducted into the NSA Hall of Honor. In AugustJohn Graham-Cumming started a petition urging the British Government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual.

Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: John Leechthe MP for Manchester Withington —15was the first MP to formally submit a bill to pardon Turing.

Enforex valencia facebook said it was "ultimately just embarrassing" that the conviction still stood. In DecemberIndian stock market penny stocks Jones created an e-petition [] requesting the British Government pardon Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency": We ask the HM Government to grant a pardon to Alan Turing for the conviction of "gross indecency".

Inhe was convicted of "gross indecency" with another man and was forced to undergo so-called "organo-therapy"—chemical castration. Two years later, he killed himself with cyanide, aged just Alan Turing was driven to a terrible despair and early death by the nation he'd done so much to save.

This remains a shame on the British government and British history. Free forex charting online pardon can go some way to healing this damage.

It may act as an apology to many of the other gay men, not as well-known as Alan Turing, who were subjected to these laws. The petition gathered over 37, signatures, [14] [] but the request was discouraged by Lord McNallywho gave the following opinion in his role as the Justice Minister: A posthumous pardon was not considered appropriate as Alan Turing was properly convicted of what at the time was a criminal offence.

He would have known that his offence was against the law and that he would be prosecuted. It is tragic that Alan Turing was convicted of an offence that now seems both cruel and absurd—particularly poignant given his outstanding contribution to the war effort.

However, the law at the time required a prosecution and, as such, long-standing policy has been to accept that such convictions took place and, rather than trying to alter the historical context and to put right what cannot be put right, ensure instead that we never again return to those times.

John Leechthe MP for Manchester Withington —15submitted several bills to Parliament [] and campaigned with William Jones to secure the pardon. Leech made the case in the House of Commons that Turing's contribution to the war made him a national hero and that it was "ultimately just embarrassing" that the conviction still stood. On 26 Julya bill was introduced in the House of Lords to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Actof which he was convicted on 31 March Before the bill could be debated in the House of Commons[] the Government elected to proceed under the royal prerogative of mercy.

On 24 DecemberQueen Elizabeth II signed a pardon [13] for Turing's conviction for gross indecency, with immediate effect. Announcing the pardon, Justice Secretary Chris Grayling said Turing deserved to be "remembered and recognised for his fantastic contribution to the war effort" and not for his later criminal conviction. Neither condition was met in regard to Turing's conviction. In a letter to Prime Minister David Cameron after announcement of the pardon, human rights advocate Peter Tatchell criticised the decision to single out Turing due to his fame and achievements, when thousands of others convicted under the same law have not received pardons.

A new inquiry is long overdue, even if only to dispel any doubts about the true cause of his death—including speculation that he was murdered by the security services or others. I think murder by state agents is unlikely. There is no known evidence pointing to any such act. However, it is a major failing that this possibility has never been considered or investigated.

In Septemberthe government announced its intention to expand this retroactive exoneration to other men convicted of similar historical indecency offences, in what was described as an " Alan Turing law ". The law applies in England and Wales. To mark the th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee TCAC co-ordinated the Alan Turing Yeara year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements.

The TCAC, chaired by S. Barry Cooper with Alan Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and Bletchley Park. On 23 JuneGoogle featured an interactive doodle where visitors had to change the instructions of a Turing Machine, so when run, the symbols on the tape would match a provided sequence, featuring "Google" in Baudot-Murray code.

The Bletchley Park Trust collaborated with Winning Moves to publish an Alan Turing edition of the board game Monopoly. The game's squares and cards have been revised to tell the story of Alan Turing's life, from his birthplace in Maida Vale to Hut 8 at Bletchley Park.

In the Philippinesthe Department of Philosophy at De La Salle University-Manila hosted Turingan international conference on philosophy, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science from 27 to 28 March to commemorate the centenary birth of Turing. There was a three-day conference in Manchester in June, a two-day conference in San Francisco, organised by the ACM, and a birthday party and Turing Centenary Conference in Cambridge organised at King's College, Cambridgeand the University of Cambridge, the latter organised by the association Computability in Europe.

The Science Museum in London launched a free exhibition devoted to Turing's life and achievements in Juneto run until July On 22 June Manchester City Councilin partnership with the Lesbian and Gay Foundationlaunched the Alan Turing Memorial Award, which will recognise individuals or groups who have made a significant contribution to the fight against homophobia in Manchester.

At the University of Oxforda new course in Computer Science and Philosophy was established to coincide with the centenary of Turing's birth. Previous events have included a celebration of Turing's life and achievements, at the University of Manchester, arranged by the British Logic Colloquium and the British Society for the History of Mathematics on 5 June Turing was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society FRS in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

For other uses, see Turing disambiguation. Victoria University of Manchester Government Code and Cypher School National Physical Laboratory. King's College, Cambridge BA Princeton University. Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Turing's proof Turing machine Turing test Unorganised machine LU decomposition. Computer science portal Cryptography portal Information technology portal LGBT portal Greater Manchester portal Mathematics portal.

Barry 7 October Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 17 April Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer.

The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine. The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives ' ". Retrieved 26 October However both The Churchill Centre and Turing's biographer Andrew Hodges have said they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths', see Schilling, Jonathan.

Retrieved 9 January Update to Alan Turing: A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See Spencer, Clare 11 September A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century. The Effect of Science on the Second World War. Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable ' ". Retrieved 25 December Retrieved 24 December Thousands of gay men to be pardoned".

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New York Review of Books. The Making of Alan Turing' 'Vivat!

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Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker. Retrieved 28 February Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals PhD thesis. Britain's Greatest Codebreaker TV broadcast. The National Archives United Kingdom: Retrieved 20 April The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day.

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Retrieved 7 February The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics.

On Turing on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence. Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Retrieved 11 November Intusoft Newsletter, August ". Archived from the original on 11 June Retrieved 29 May Retrieved 12 February Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. Archived from the original on 23 August Retrieved 28 November The Enigma The Centenary Edition.

Yours in distress, Alan". Archived from the original on 16 December Retrieved 23 June Retrieved 16 October Archived from the original on 13 October Retrieved 25 September Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, —". IEEE Global History Network. Retrieved 29 March Archived from the original on 23 October Archived from the original on 2 November Retrieved 7 December Asperger's Syndrome and High Achievement.

Retrieved 23 November Retrieved 15 January Archived from the original on 19 June Icons from the world of advertising". Archived from the original on 3 October Retrieved 14 September Separating the man and the myth".

Retrieved 1 November Retrieved 26 December Retrieved 14 February Retrieved 12 May Archived from the original on 25 December Retrieved 17 May Retrieved 14 June Retrieved 3 December Manchester celebrates pardoned genius". Turing bench, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh PA, USA. Retrieved 6 January Retrieved 21 July Retrieved 11 January Archived from the original on Retrieved 19 March Retrieved 31 August Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 1 September Parliament of the United Kingdom.

Retrieved 25 September — via bbc. Retrieved 15 December Retrieved 20 July Alan Turing, Computing patriarch. Was He Murdered By the Security Services? The Huffington Post UK. Retrieved 29 December Do we need an inquiry into the death of Alan Turing? Should Britain boycott Sochi? Retrieved 22 September Retrieved 10 September Retrieved 13 September Retrieved 18 December A philosophical analysis of the Singularity".

Gopi 5 July Alan Turing, computer pioneer, has centenary marked by a year of celebrations". First look at Alan Turing exhibition report with video preview ". Retrieved 22 June A new undergraduate degree course, with its first students having started inthe centenary of Alan Turing's birth. A multitude of lives in fiction". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 January Retrieved 13 April Codebreaker, a life in music". Retrieved 14 November Retrieved 2 November Retrieved 10 January Turing and the Universal Machine.

Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan. His Work and Impact. Campbell-Kelly, Martined. Passages from the life of a philosopher. Rough Draft Printing published How Electricity Switched on the Modern World. Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz.

Wer hat den Computer erfunden? A History of the Information Machine. A History of Modern Computing. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: The Managerial Revolution in American Business.

American Journal of Mathematics. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan Its Origins and Originators". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine. The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers. Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and Testery". Gannon, Paul [].

Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret. The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer. A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines. Ultra Goes to War: Classic Military History Classic Penguin ed. Boston, Massachusetts and New York: Retrieved 10 December Oakley, Brianed.

The Bletchley Park War Diaries: O'Connell, H; Fitzgerald, M Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. Irish Institute of Psychological Medicine.

A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". ISBN Smith, Roger Fontana History of the Human Sciences. Introduction to the Theory of Computation.

Computer Power and Human Reason. ISBN Turing, A. Turing, Sara Stoney Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this page biography of her son, glorifying his life.

It was published inand so could not cover his war work. Scarcely copies were sold Sara Turing to Lyn Newman,Library of St John's College, Cambridge. The six-page foreword by Lyn Irvine includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. It was re-published by Cambridge University Press into honour the centenary of his birth, and included a new foreword by Martin Davisas well as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F.

Whitemore, Hugh ; Hodges, Andrew This Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, Derek Jacobi played Turing and he recreated the role in a television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and WGBH, Boston. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, OxfordASIN: BB7TM0Q Williams, Michael R. Prentice-HallISBN Yates, David M.

A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory — Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF: Retrieved from " https: Alan Turing births deaths 20th-century mathematicians Academics of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology Alumni of King's College, Cambridge Artificial intelligence researchers Bayesian statisticians British cryptographers British male long-distance runners British people of World War II Computability theorists Computer designers English atheists English computer scientists English inventors English logicians English male long-distance runners English mathematicians English people of Scottish descent English philosophers Former Protestants Fellows of the Royal Society Gay men Government Communications Headquarters people History of artificial intelligence Inventors who committed suicide LGBT scientists from the United Kingdom Mathematicians who committed suicide Officers of the Order of the British Empire People associated with Bletchley Park People educated at Sherborne School People from Maida Vale People from Wilmslow People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws Princeton University alumni Programmers who committed suicide People who have received posthumous pardons Recipients of British royal pardons Academics of the University of Manchester Suicides by cyanide poisoning Suicides in England Theoretical computer scientists Foreign Office personnel of World War II British anti-fascists.

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